Original Thread (Work In Progress): http://reddot.guildwork.com/forum/t/4ede1c08205cb27a08014ca4-materia-and-you

General Materia Guide: http://www.disciplesoftheland.com/forum.aspx?g=posts&t=617

BIG list of what types of items yield what materia:

http://lodestone.finalfantasyxiv.com/pl/guide/materia03.html

Catalysts and Where to Gather them:

Obtained through mining (sweetspot +5):
Carbonized Matter - Horizon's Edge
Petrified Matter - Nophica's Wells
Fossilized Matter - Dragonhead
Crystallized Matter - Treespeak

Obtained through logging (sweetspot +5)
Germinated Matter - Tranquil Paths
Decayed Matter - Humblehearth
Decomposed Matter - Iron Lake
Liquefied Matter - Halatali

Obtained through fishing (sweetspot -5)
Calcified Matter - Bloodshore
Cultured Matter - Cedarwood
Ossified Matter - Bald Knoll
Cretified Matter - Nine Ivies

Effect of stats on your character to help you decide where to meld materia:

≪Parameters and Their Effects≫

Strength
- Attack Power
- Damage dealt by puglist, gladiator, marauder, and lancer arms

Vitality
- Damage taken
- Enhancement Magic Potency
- Maximum HP
- Damage dealt by marauder arms

Dexterity
- Accuracy
- Block Rate
- Parry
- Damage dealt by archer arms

Intelligence
- Attack Magic Potency
- Damage dealt by pugilist arms

Mind
- Healing Magic Potency
- Magic Accuracy
- Damage dealt by gladiator, thaumaturge, and conjurer arms

Piety
- Magic Evasion
- Enfeebling Magic Potency
- Maximum MP
- Damage dealt by archer, lancer, thaumaturge, and conjurer arms


≪Auto-attack Damage Bonus≫



Disciple of the Hand - Attributes for Disciples of the Hand will increase the resulting product's quality when using the corresponding tool.
Carpenter Main Hand: VIT / Off Hand: DEX
Blacksmith Main Hand: STR / Off Hand: MND
Armorer Main Hand: VIT / Off Hand: STR
Goldsmith Main Hand: DEX / Off Hand: INT
Leatherworker Main Hand: VIT / Off Hand: INT
Weaver Main Hand: DEX / Off Hand: MND
Alchemist Main Hand: INT / Off Hand: PIE
Culinarian Main Hand: MND / Off Hand: PIE Disciple of the Land

Gathering: Lessens depletion of the Remainder gauge when using a main hand tool, and increases the chance of gathering. items when using an off hand tool.
Output: Increases the number of gathers or hooked fish.
Perception: Makes it easier to obtain high quality items.

Miner:
VIT: During the approach phase, it will be easier to determine the proper force needed for each item.
MND: Number of items acquired by miners will be increased.

Botanist:
STR: During the approach phase, it will be easier to determine the proper angle for each item.
INT: Number of items acquired by botanists will be increased.

Fisher:
DEX: During the approach phase, it will be easier to determine the proper rod movement for each item
PIE: Number of items acquired by fishers will be increased.


Where you can meld materia:

http://forum.square-enix.com/ffxiv/threads/26316-Materia-by-Gear-Slot